Personal Structure assesses an individual’s capacity for organization, planning, and goal orientation. This dimension reflects the ability to create and maintain order in one’s life, set and pursue goals, and exhibit a structured approach to problem-solving. Individuals with high personal structure are likely to manage their time effectively, set realistic goals, and develop strategies to achieve them. This sense of order and purpose is crucial for resilience as it helps individuals stay focused and motivated even in the face of adversity. Research indicates that having a clear personal structure is associated with higher levels of psychological resilience and overall life satisfaction (Hjemdal et al., 2006).

Social Support measures the perceived availability and quality of support from friends and significant others. This dimension focuses on the external resources that individuals can draw upon during challenging times. High scores in Social Support indicate that individuals feel they have reliable and trustworthy people in their lives who can offer help, advice, and emotional support. The presence of strong social networks is a key protective factor in resilience, as it provides a buffer against stress and helps individuals navigate through difficulties. Social support has been consistently linked to improved mental health and well-being (Hjemdal et al., 2011).

Family Coherence evaluates the strength and supportiveness of the family unit. This dimension assesses the extent to which family members provide emotional support, understanding, and cohesion. A supportive family environment is a critical factor in building resilience, especially during childhood and adolescence. High family coherence means that individuals can rely on their family for comfort and assistance in times of need, which enhances their ability to cope with stress and recover from adverse events. Studies have highlighted that strong family bonds are associated with better psychological adjustment and resilience (Friborg et al., 2009).

Social Competence measures an individual’s ability to interact effectively with others and build meaningful relationships. This dimension includes social skills, communication abilities, and the capacity to form and maintain social bonds. Socially competent individuals are adept at navigating social environments, which can provide essential support during challenging times. Strong social competence is associated with better mental health outcomes, as effective social interactions can lead to increased social support and reduced feelings of isolation. This dimension is particularly important in understanding how social dynamics contribute to overall resilience (Friborg et al., 2005).

Personal Competence refers to an individual’s self-perception regarding their abilities to handle challenges. This dimension encompasses attributes like self-esteem, self-efficacy, and optimism. High scores in Personal Competence suggest a strong belief in one’s own capabilities, a positive outlook on life, and the confidence to overcome obstacles. These qualities are crucial for personal resilience as they motivate individuals to face adversities head-on and persist through difficult times. Research has shown that individuals with high personal competence are more likely to engage in proactive coping strategies and exhibit lower levels of stress and anxiety (Friborg et al., 2003).