Contemporary Psychology & Psychometrics
Contemporary Psychology & Psychometrics
Table of Contents Introduction Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of moral development expands Jean Piaget’s interest in identifying the particularities of ethical evolution. The book The Moral Judgement of the Child summarizes Piaget’s research in rule understanding […]
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Agreeableness is one of the five personality traits of the Big Five personality theory. A person with a high level of agreeableness in a personality test is usually tolerant, tactful, friendly and warm. They generally have an optimistic view of human nature, get along well with others and for those reasons, make excellent team players. Cooperation is a key characteristic, as one of their main interests is maintaining social harmony.
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Conscientiousness is one of the five personality traits of the Big Five personality theory. Conscientiousness is defined as the propensity to follow socially prescribed norms for impulse control, to be goal-directed, to plan, and to be able to delay gratification. It describes a person’s ability to regulate impulses and measures elements such as control, inhibition, and persistency of behaviour.
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Neuroticism is one of the five personality traits of the Big Five personality theory. It describes the overall emotional stability of an individual through how they perceive the world. It takes into account how likely a person is to interpret events as threatening or difficult, includes one’s propensity to experience negative emotions and is characterized by frequent mood changes, a tendency to worry, and recurrent sadness.
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Extraversion is one of the five personality traits of the Big Five personality theory which characterizes sociable, talkative and assertive individuals. Extraversion is characteristic of exuberant individuals, sociable and energetic, who have no problem getting themselves remarked in a gathering or group of people (social dynamism). They enjoy being with people, participating in social gatherings, and are full of energy.
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Openness to experience is one of the five personality traits of the Big Five personality theory. It indicates how open-minded a person is. Openness is that part of everyone’s personality that describes receptiveness to new ideas, different concepts and opinions, change, curiosity, creativity, and imagination. Individuals with a high level of openness have a general appreciation for unusual ideas and art.
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Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of moral development is an expansion of Jean Piaget’s interest in identifying the particularities of ethical evolution. The book The Moral Judgement of the Child summarizes Piaget’s research in rule understanding and social norms revealed through the collective game governed by rules and the analysis of stories made by children regarding “bad deeds”, such as stealing or lying. According to Kohlberg, the ontogenesis of morality has a hierarchical structure with two dimensions: levels and stages.
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Puer aeternus. Latin for “eternal child,” used in mythology to designate a child-god who is forever young; psychologically it refers to an older man whose emotional life has remained at an adolescent level, usually coupled with too great a dependence on the mother.
The shadow of the puer is the senex (Latin for old man), associated with the god Cronus—disciplined, controlled, responsible, rational, ordered. Conversely, the shadow of the senex is the puer, related to Hermes or Dionysus—unbounded instinct, disorder, intoxication, whimsy. Like all archetypes, the puer is bipolar, exhibiting both a “positive” and a “negative” aspect.
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Sigmund Freud is regarded as the father of psychodynamic theories, the founder of psychoanalysis and the creator of psychosexual stages theory of human development.
Regardless of the acceptance or disapproval of his ideas about human development, his influence over psychology was enormous. During a puritan era he managed to construct a theory of unconscious motivation, of human sexuality and instinctual aggression.
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Erikson was a stage theorist who took Freud’s controversial theory of psychosexual development and modified it as a psychosocial theory, as he rejected the central importance of the sexual drive in favour of the progressive emergence of identity. Like Freud and many others, Erik Erikson maintained that personality develops in a predetermined order, and builds upon each previous stage. This is called the epigenetic principle.
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